Author: Saul Keller

Natural features such as mountains and lakes restrict the spread of many pests. Other natural factors, such as weather and available food and water, influence their populations.

Some pests – such as plum curculio, flea beetles, gypsy moths, and plant bugs in trees and shrubs – are persistent and require regular control. Others have boom and bust cycles, depending on seasonal conditions.

Identifying pests is the first step in integrated pest management. Accurate identification allows you to recognize what type of pest you have and to select appropriate management tactics that will control the pest without harming beneficial organisms, people or pets.

Most pests have different physical forms at different stages in their life cycle. Knowing which form they are in helps you to detect and identify them – for example, a weed seedling looks quite different from the mature plant. Knowing what stage a pest is in also helps you to determine whether it requires treatment. Identification also helps you avoid applying pesticides to the wrong type of insect, which can cause damage or injury and waste time and money.

Pests are often more than just a nuisance, and some can carry diseases and contaminate food or personal items. They also destroy gardens and crops.

The purpose of pest control is to reduce the number of pests to a level that is acceptable for you and your environment. Identifying pests, monitoring their numbers and removing any factors that favor them, can help prevent them from reaching unacceptable levels.

Many pest problems can be controlled without the need for chemical applications. Sanitation, properly storing foods and garbage, sealing cracks around the home, cleaning and reusing compost containers, and removing standing water from the yard are some examples of preventive strategies.

Some pests can only be prevented by being vigilant and looking for signs of them, such as their feces or discarded egg shells. Others require a change in their habitat, such as removing or adding mulch to the garden, maintaining clean compost bins and relocating bird feeders away from houses.

Some pests are persistent and need regular monitoring, such as cockroaches, mice, fleas and cluster flies. Other pests are sporadic or migratory and need only occasional controls, such as boxelder bugs, grasshoppers and mosquitoes. The best way to determine if pests need control is through “field scouting,” which means searching for and identifying pests regularly, usually daily or weekly depending on the type of pest.

Barriers and Exclusion

A physical barrier is often the best line of defense against pest invasions. Also known as pest exclusion, it involves sealing the gaps, routes and pathways that pests use to enter homes or commercial facilities. It can be done in conjunction with population reduction techniques or as a preventive measure to keep critters out for good.

It starts with an inspection, identifying the problem areas of entry. Then, the appropriate barriers can be installed. For example, a gap that allows rodents to squeeze through can be closed with weather stripping, metal screens or spray foam. For holes larger than a quarter of an inch, exclusion fill fabrics, stainless steel mesh or even sheet metal may be used. Other items, like door sweeps or parasitic nematodes, can help close the space under doors where rats and cockroaches commonly slip inside.

In addition to exclusion, minimizing things that attract pests is critical. Food scraps, crumbs and trash should be kept away from buildings. Yard debris, leaf piles and other clutter can serve as shelter for rodents and birds and should be cleared regularly. And, of course, all pet foods should be stored properly and not left out in the open where pests can easily find them.

For areas that can’t be sealed, such as vents and drainpipes, a simple copper mesh will keep pests out without allowing water to flow or air to get in. It’s easy to install and doesn’t stain. Our favorite product for this application is Stuf-It copper mesh, available from Solutions Pest & Lawn.

For large commercial facilities, pest exclusion methods can be especially effective when coupled with a comprehensive integrated pest management plan. This includes inspections and repairs to exterior walls, removing any harborage sites and implementing interior improvements that inhibit pest movement between spaces. This helps limit the need for costly chemical interventions and protects the reputation of a facility. New technologies, such as sealants and particle barriers designed specifically for the pest management industry, are also helping eliminate termites and cockroaches from structures with difficult-to-access crevices.

Bait Stations

Rodent bait stations contain poisons to control rodent pests. They offer the advantage of controlling rodents in places where traps cannot be placed because of a lack of shelter or access to food sources. These tamper-resistant containers are usually small boxes designed to hold solid or liquid rodenticides (poisons). They can be made at home from scrap materials, purchased prefabricated, or even attached to the pens of poultry houses or swine confinement buildings. Some manufacturers use locks, seals or concealed latches to make the bait station more tamperproof.

Bait stations also reduce the amount of environmental buildup and non-target pesticide residue, especially for liquid rodenticides. They can be a good alternative to other rodenticide treatments, which can leave residues that can be hazardous to pets and children.

While mice and rats may look cute in the pet store, they are a serious household problem that can produce numerous litters of offspring each year. They can gnaw through doors, walls and cabinets, contaminate food, and spread diseases. In addition, they gnaw through wires and other electrical components, potentially creating dangerous electrical fires.

It can take a few days for rodents to discover and begin using a new bait station, depending on the stability of their environment. It is important to locate the bait station where rodents are most active, such as near rodent burrows, along walls or travel routes. If possible, the station should be located directly next to an active trail. It may be necessary to place several bait stations in areas where rodents are abundant.

Unlike traps, there are no dead rodents to dispose of in a bait station. Mice and rats enter the container, eat the bait, and then leave to return to their nests or feed locations. They die a few days later, typically in their nests or feeding areas, often from internal bleeding caused by anticoagulants.

Although rodents can gnaw through plastic, most manufacturers of bait stations construct them out of durable materials that are suitable for outdoor placement. These include sturdy plastics and metal. Regardless of the material, it should be weather-resistant and constructed to prevent the tampering of children or other non-target species.

Traps

Insect traps are a staple of pest control programs. Sticky traps capture spiders, ants, and other insects that try to sneak into your home. These traps can be useful in solving limited pest problems such as a single wolf spider or a few crickets in a room, and they provide valuable information to both the homeowner and the pest control professional. Traps can also help reduce the need for treatments if a targeted placement and specialized pheromone attractants are used to make traps more effective against specific pest species and less likely to catch other organisms.

Monitoring traps, such as yellow sticky traps for cockroaches or pheromone traps that target Indian meal moths and cigarette beetles in storage and food warehouses, are used to provide information about the extent of pest infestations. The information gathered from these traps can be used to guide treatment strategies, such as flushing cockroaches or spraying a chemical to kill them, depending on the contributing conditions.

When pest populations reach high numbers, the trapping program may also include releasing natural enemies such as beneficial nematodes to reduce their numbers. Traps can be set at different times during a pest’s life cycle to better time the application of these biological controls.

Interpreting sticky trap data is challenging and takes experience, knowledge of the pest species being targeted, and careful attention to contributing conditions. The type and density of crop foliage, temperature, air movement, and pesticide applications all influence the number of insects trapped on traps.

It is important to regularly check traps and dispose of the insects as necessary, especially after a treatment. Traps should be moved to new locations and cleaned as needed to reduce the risk of them catching other pests or animals. Checking traps can also help prevent accidental contamination by removing old, contaminated traps from their original location before they can contaminate other areas. If you are using a glue trap, make sure it is non-toxic and safe to use in your environment, and be careful when setting it out near plants or water sources.

Many homeowners think of pest control as aggressively spraying chemicals in their home. Others envision walking into a room that was recently treated and seeing dead cockroaches belly-up on the floor.

However, the most effective method of pest control is to prevent the problem in the first place. This is why keeping up with general maintenance, promptly removing trash and clearing away food sources is so important. For more information, click the Nature Shield Pest Solutions to proceed.

A pest control problem begins with preventing the pest from entering the home in the first place. This includes making sure windows and doors are closed and sealed, and using screens in all open windows. It also means removing trash on a regular basis and using trash cans with tight-fitting lids. It is also important to keep wood piles away from the house, and to trim back shrubs and tree limbs that may touch the house.

Some pests are attracted to food or water sources and can be controlled simply by removing or modifying these resources. For example, rodents can be deterred by eliminating food and water sources around the house by closing up crawl spaces, putting a cap on the chimney, and storing firewood properly. In addition, keeping the outside of the house free of clutter will reduce rodent hiding places and allow for easy inspection. Similarly, bird feeders should be placed as far away from the house as possible to prevent the attraction of other pests.

Other factors that affect pest populations include climate, natural enemies, and barriers to their movement. Sometimes, these factors can be manipulated to help control the pests, such as by releasing more of a pest’s natural enemies or by altering their behavior. This can be done through scouting, the use of traps or baits that attract and kill the pests, or by using pheromones that interfere with the development of the pests.

If non-toxic controls fail to stop a pest infestation, then there are many types of chemical and biological control agents available. Choose an agent that is effective against the pest and least likely to harm people and pets. Apply the agent correctly, and observe local, state and federal laws regarding the use of pesticides.

The goal is to eliminate the pests and their eggs before they can reproduce. The first step in this process is identifying pests, and this can be accomplished by following the steps listed above. It is also helpful to understand the life cycle of the pest, and to know what conditions are necessary for a particular pest to reproduce. This information will help to select the best control methods, which are based on the pest’s life cycle and its tolerance to certain chemicals or conditions.

Suppression

Pests can cause a lot of damage and disrupt normal operations. They can destroy crops and plants, infest homes and businesses and create health risks for people and pets. They can also contaminate food, cause fires and spread diseases.

Preventing pest problems before they start is best, but sometimes even the most vigilant can have a problem. In these situations, controlling the pest population should be the goal. This can be done by using a variety of methods depending on the situation and the type of pest. The aim is to reduce the numbers of the pest to an acceptable level, with minimal harm to non-target organisms. The goals of preventive and suppression management are often mutually supportive, especially when used together as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program.

Thresholds based on esthetic, environmental or economic considerations have been established for many pest species. These are called action thresholds and indicate the levels at which a pest should be controlled for the best outcome. For example, rodents in homes and businesses are considered a pest and need to be controlled before they do unacceptable damage. Other species such as aphids are considered pests in agricultural settings but can be tolerated at lower populations for reasons such as the benefit they provide to crop plants.

Pest control methods may include mechanical, cultural and biological controls. These can be supplemented with chemical controls if the situation warrants it. Chemical controls are not recommended in sensitive environments, such as schools and hospitals, where the use of broad spectrum pesticides can have harmful consequences.

Eradication is the last resort when preventive and suppression efforts fail to control a pest population. This is most common in confined environments such as buildings and citrus groves, but can be implemented in open outdoor environments too. Eradication is achieved through removing or killing the pest and preventing it from reestablishing itself.

Sanitation practices help to prevent and suppress some pests, by reducing their food sources and places of shelter. In industrial settings, good sanitation includes maintaining clean equipment and facilities, and removing trash on a regular basis. In agriculture, good sanitation includes planting pest-free seeds and transplants and removing crop residues between harvests to reduce carryover of pests. In addition, implementing good manure management practices can reduce the amount of fertilizer needed and improve soil quality.

Eradication

The word eradicate comes from the Latin root eradicare, which means “to pull up by the roots.” It originally meant to uproot something like a plant, but over time it came to be used metaphorically to describe eradicating a problem the way one might yank out a weed. This is the same idea behind pest control, which seeks to remove pests and prevent them from causing damage. It may involve physical methods, such as traps and barriers, or chemical methods, including pesticides.

Eradication is a goal of many pest control programs, but it is extremely difficult to achieve. For a disease to be eradicated, it must be eliminated from all known reservoirs. This is a challenging goal, as it requires a large and coordinated effort at the community, regional, national, and international levels. It also requires highly effective intervention tools, which are designed to detect the presence of the organism and to interrupt its transmission.

Some pests can be prevented by simply cleaning up a house or yard. This includes removing food and waste materials, making sure that windows and doors are closed and sealed, and maintaining the proper level of moisture. Another important step is to keep storage areas clean. Closets, sheds, and other unused spaces are ideal places for pests to hide and nest. It is also helpful to keep plants and woodpiles away from the house, as these are attractants for insects and rodents.

There are several different types of chemical pesticides that can be used to control infestations, but they should all be applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions. It is especially important to read and follow all label directions, and never mix chemicals or apply them more than the recommended amount. Also, make sure that any leftover pesticides are properly disposed of.

Pest control also involves educating people to take a proactive role in controlling pests. For instance, educating the public to be careful in picking up rocks and sticks from yards and parks can help reduce the number of ant and grasshopper colonies that are accidentally transported into homes. In addition, educating the public to be careful around wild animals and to wear protective clothing when gardening or hiking can also help prevent pests from being carried indoors.

Monitoring

Monitoring is a key step in any pest control program. It includes scouting for pests, recording the number of pests found and measuring damage caused by those pests. Monitoring also involves evaluating and adjusting a pest control strategy as needed.

Pests are best kept under control when their populations are kept in check by natural enemies, environmental conditions or other factors. Monitoring allows you to determine when these conditions have deteriorated and prompts action to prevent unacceptable pest numbers or damage.

Often pests are attracted to food or other sources of nutrients in the environment. Physical exclusion involves keeping garbage receptacles tightly closed, sealing cracks or other entry points into structures and using screening over windows or doors to prevent pests from entering a building.

Sanitation consists of keeping food storage areas, waste receptacles and other potential food or harborage sites clean. This includes sanitizing equipment, washing floors and scrubbing counter tops. Physical exclusion can also include installing screens on vent openings and using wire mesh to prevent insects from accessing areas of a structure where they are not wanted.

A flashlight is a critical tool for monitoring, especially when looking behind or underneath equipment. This is where most pests are harborage and can be hard to find. A magnifying glass is also a useful tool for examining traps, bait stations and other trapping devices. Many trapping devices are designed to be a pest control tool as well as a monitor, such as traps with specialized shapes that exploit the behavior of specific pest groups or lures such as pheromones that mimic those used by a particular species of insect.

Monitoring can include sampling for a variety of pests, from fly and mosquitoes to slugs and snails. This can be done using visual inspection, sticky traps or a variety of other methods. Monitoring can also be accomplished by examining pest scats, which provide valuable information about the diet and disease status of pest animals.

Evaluating a pest management program is just as important as developing the program in the first place. If a pest problem persists despite the implementation of an integrated pest management (IPM) program, it is likely that operational circumstances have changed and the program needs to be adjusted.